Introduction
Cytomegalovirus is a common viral infection passed from one person to another through body fluids such as semen, saliva, or blood. The disease may affect one body organ such as the mouth or can even spread to different parts of the body. Cytomegalovirus can also be genetically transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. There is no known cure for the virus hence remains in the body forever once a person is infected. However, anti-retroviral medications have been developed to manage the disease symptoms. The disease does not have adverse symptoms and is likely to remain in the body undetected for a long time. However, the virus can be fatal in individuals with weak immune systems due to pregnancy or diseases such as cancer, HIV, or a history of organ transplant. The estimated global prevalence of cytomegalovirus is 45% regardless of gender or ethnicity (Al Mana et al., 2019). However, children who are below 6 years have the highest rate of infection (60%) compared to adolescents (15%) while adults above 35 years have a 50% incidence (Al Mana et al., 2019).
Etiology and Risk Factors
The real cause of cytomegalovirus is not known but scientists relate it to a group of viruses that cause herpes simplex and chickenpox. The virus mostly remains inactive in the body of people with strong immune systems but reactivates when health starts deteriorating. The risk factors for active cytomegalovirus include touching your mouth, nose, or eyes after coming into contact with body fluids such as breast milk, vaginal fluids, semen, tears, urine, saliva, blood from an infected person (Feng et al., 2016). The risk factors for contracting this disease include mother-child transmission or contact with body fluids from infected persons. All people have the same risk of contracting the disease regardless of their age or gender. Other risk factors include unprotected sex and accidents in which blood mix up occurs.
Pathophysiological processes
Active cytomegalovirus infects lymphatic cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells. Cytomegalovirus causes cells in the affected tissue or organ to enlarge due to the excessive production of viral inclusion bodies in a process known as the cytopathic effect (Lim et al., 2018). When left untreated for long, these cells coalesce into large lumps to antibody inactivation of the virus. The induced immunosuppression blocks cytokine-induced MCH-II production hence the body protection mechanisms or drugs are inhibited from destroying the cellular membrane of the larger cells (Lim et al., 2018).
Clinical manifestations and complications
Cytomegalovirus may do not clinically manifest itself in healthy persons and remains in the body in an inactive form. However, older adults aged above 40 years are likely to suffer rare complications such as mononucleosis and functional decline in critical organs such as the nervous system, liver, brain, and digestive system (Wang et al., 2016). Infants suffering from cytomegalovirus are likely to suffer complications such as muscle weakness, poor coordination, seizures, learning disability, and the loss of hearing function. If the disease is left untreated for a long time, it may cause complications such as the inflammation of the eye retinitis causing vision loss, inflammation of the brain cells, pneumonia, and damaged colon and liver. The common physical signs and symptoms of the disease include loss of appetite, muscle pain, swollen glands, and fever. In babies, the clinical manifestations of cytomegalovirus include low birth weight, jaundice, and body rashes (Wang et al., 2016).
Diagnostics
The polymerase chain reaction is the standard laboratory and diagnostic test to determine the presence of cytomegalovirus in the body. The test involves collecting saliva and urine or breast milk samples in mothers. The significance of test findings is that they can detect past cases or presently active viral infection, even in patients with suppressed immunity (Wang et al., 2016).
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